Hailstorms are weather events in which large, frozen balls of ice, known as hailstones, fall from the sky. Hailstones are formed when strong updrafts in thunderstorms carry raindrops high into the atmosphere where the air is below freezing. The raindrops freeze into ice and become coated with layers of water that freeze onto the surface, creating a hailstone.

Hailstones can range in size from tiny pellets to as large as grapefruits, and can cause significant damage to property and crops, as well as posing a danger to people and animals caught outside during a hailstorm. Hailstorms are most common in areas with a high frequency of thunderstorms, such as the central and southern parts of the United States.

Meteorologists use a number of tools and techniques to study hailstorms, including radar, satellite imagery, and computer models. They can also issue severe weather alerts and warnings to help people prepare for and stay safe during hailstorms.

Causes of Hailstorms

Hailstorms are caused by a combination of atmospheric conditions that allow the formation of hailstones. The exact causes of hailstorms are not fully understood, but some of the factors that contribute to their formation include:

- Strong updrafts: Hailstones are formed when strong updrafts in thunderstorms carry raindrops high into the atmosphere, where the air is below freezing.

- Freezing temperatures: The raindrops freeze into ice as they are carried higher into the atmosphere where the temperature is below freezing.

- Moisture: The air must contain enough moisture for the hailstones to form and grow.

- Wind shear: Wind shear, or changes in wind speed and direction with height, can cause the hailstones to circulate within the storm and grow larger.

- Atmospheric instability: Unstable atmospheric conditions can provide the necessary lift for the updrafts to develop, which can lead to the formation of thunderstorms and hail.

Hailstorms can occur in any region with thunderstorms, but they are most common in areas with a high frequency of thunderstorms, such as the central and southern parts of the United States. Climate change may also be contributing to an increase in the frequency and severity of hailstorms in some regions.

• Draupadi Murmu was born in Odisha on June 20, 1958.

•  She took the oath of office as Governor of Jharkhand, becoming the state's first female governor.

Technical Mathematics 

I. Matrices – Identification of Matrices, matrix operations, adjoint and inverse.

II. Determinants – Evaluation of second and third order, minors and cofactors,solutions of simultaneous linear equation in three unknown using Cramer’s rule.

III. Binomial Series – Expansions using Binomial theorem.

IV. Trigonometric functions – Signs of functions in each quadrant. Trigonometric values of angles, properties of trigonometric functions, applications of the identities sin (A ± B), cos (A ± B) and tan (A ± B).

V. Coordinate geometry – Equations to a straight line – slope-intercept form, intercept form, Angle between two lines, condition for two lines to be perpendicular, parallel.

VI. Differentiation – Limits and continuity, derivatives of functions, equation to tangents and normals. Maxima and minima of functions of one variable.

VII. Integration of functions – Integration of different types of functions.

VIII. Applications of integration – Area bounded by a curve and X or Y axis,solutions of differential equations using the method of variable separable,solutions of linear differential equations of first order.

Basic Civil Engineering

Materials: 

Brick – varieties and strength, characteristics of the good brick. 

Cement –varieties and grade of cement and its uses. 

Steel – types of steel for reinforcement bars, steel structural sections. 

Aggregates – types & requirements of good aggregates.

Concrete – grades of concrete as per IS code, water-cement ratio. Workability, mixing, batching, compaction and curing.

Construction: Parts of building 

Foundation – types of foundations – spread footing, isolated footing, combined footing, Raft, pile and well foundations. 

Masonry– types rubble masonry, brick masonry, English bond and Flemish bond. (One brick wall).

Surveying: Chain surveying – principles, instruments, ranging, and chaining survey lines, field work and field book, selection of survey stations, units of land area. 

Levelling: Levelling instruments, different types, bench mark, reduced level of points, booking of field notes, reduction of levels by height of collimation method (simple problem). 

Modern survey – instruments – Total station, Electronics theodolite, Distomat.

Basic Mechanical Engineering 

The importance of IC Engines: Definition, classification – two stroke engines,four stroke engines, working of two stroke engines and four stroke engines with the help of line sketches, comparison between two stroke and four stroke engines, comparison between petrol and diesel engines, function of fly wheel, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft and differential in power transmission, explain with sketch the working of differential, briefly explain power transmission of 4 wheel vehicle with line diagram. 

The importance of Power Plants: Introduction, classification of power plants – working of hydroelectric power plant with schematic sketches – working of thermal 

(Steam and Diesel) power plant with schematic sketches – working of nuclear power plant with schematic sketches.

Review with discussion of electric current, potential difference, power, EMF, resistance and its laws, Ohms law and series parallel circuit, electromagnetism, generation of AC and DC supply. 

Idea of Basic electrical circuit: Electrical supply and load and its functioning, division of voltage and current in a parallel and series circuit – simple problems, units of power and energy, solution of DC circuit with calculation of energy consumption in an installation. 

Circuit parameters: Resistance, Capacitance and inductance. AC circuit with R, L,C. Simple solution of typical AC circuit with resistance, impedance, power and powerfactor.

Electrical circuit of an installation: Earthing, lightning protection. 

Basic Electronics Engineering 

Active and passive devices – review only. LED – working, applications, comparison of LED lighting and CFL lighting. Full wave rectifier – diagram and explanation, 5 V power supply – with bridge rectifier and 7805. SMPS – block diagram and advantages. Integrated circuits. SMDs – advantages. Static electricity – precautions inhandling electronic circuits.Switches: ON / OFF, push to ON, push to OFF, push to ON / OFF, SPST, SPDT,DPDT. Working and application of limit switches, proximity switches, relays. Microcontrollers: Simple block diagram of 8 bit microcontrollers – application. Mobile technology: CDMA and GSM. Compare – 2G and 3G technologies. Inverter & UPS: Block diagram. Compare – inverter and UPS. Online and off line UPS – differentiate. Battery selection for UPS and inverter. E-waste: Health hazards of e-waste

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